The Reagan Myth
I've noticed something getting dangerously close to a commonly accepted American myth. Most recently,
Matthew Yglesias (who's a really good blogger and, in his defense, isn't old enough to remember the 80's very well) fell victim to it, and so have a whole lot of other people of the center-left. Lately, it's been thrown into columns as a way of showing evenhandedness (
See, I can say good things about Republicans, so you know I'm being honest). It's time to nip this fucker in the bud.
The myth goes something like this:
Ronald Reagan saw that drastically increasing American defense spending and funding anti-communist rebellions around the world would bankrupt the Soviets and lead to the inevitable collapse of their Communist empire.
There's only one problem:
It didn't happen.
Reagan used the
strength of the Soviets to justify his defense buildup, not their weakness. He argued that we would be swamped by the Communist juggernaut if we didn't go on our massive spending spree.
No one thought it would lead to the fall of the Soviet Union. I'm not saying
Only a few people. I'm saying
No one. Their collapse was completely unanticipated, and it's anticipation was never a factor in American military or foreign policy strategy. The whole
Reagan saw what would happen line was made up after the fact by people who wanted to score political points off an event that no one in the US planned for or caused.
In fact, we had trouble accepting the Soviet collapse even as we watched it on CNN. A lot of neo-conservatives refused to accept that things had fundamentally changed even after the Berlin Wall came down, and even as Gorbachev himself was liberalizing the Soviet system. Some of them were even arguing that we should
prop up the Soviets (but not their empire) to ensure stability in the region.
But, even if Reagan didn't do it intentionally, doesn't he deserve the credit for bringing down the Soviet Union (even unintentionally) through his military buildup? The short answer is
No. The long answer is:
A little, but just for continuing the post-war policies of his predecessors.
First off,
American military spending did not bring down the Soviet Union. It collapsed from its own internal corruption and systemic rot, not from any outside threat. In fact, some people have speculated that Reagan's belligerant posture actually delayed the Soviet collapse, as they were united in their fear of what he would do if they showed any weakness.
Most of the credit for the collapse of the Soviet Union, its empire, and its command economy has to go to Josef Stalin and the other monkeys who designed the piece of shit in the first place. They put together an untenable economic system with absolutely no chance of competing with Western market economies, a social system which was far less attractive than the freedom of the West, and an unstable mix of nationalities which all resented like hell being dominated by Russians. It was destined for collapse the moment it was created, and Papa Joe gets most of the credit for that.
In the West, I would credit Harry Truman, Dean Acheson, and George Marshall above all else. While the Republicans in Congress were urging that we resume our pre-war isolationism and our allies were attempting to reestablish their pre-war empires, these men put into motion things which would make it difficult for the Soviets to expand by conquest and almost impossible for them to expand any other way.
The
Marshall Plan, in which the United States donated billions of doallrs to rebuild a shattered Europe, did more for American prestige worldwide and did more to secure Western Europe to our side than any action ever taken. Not only did we have the grattitude of millions of American-loving Europeans, but we also gave them an attractive alternative to communism. Once market economies and basic feedoms were established across Western Europe, there was no way they would voluntarily trade them in for the Soviet model. It just didn't have the appeal of our system. Without the Marshall Plan communism would have had much more of a draw, as a shitty command economy is still preferable to starving to death.
The system of
containment, in which we essentially hemmed in the Soviets and limited their ability to expand through force, also played a major part. Creation of NATO, the basing of American troops in Germany, and our intervention in Korea (with an honorable mention to the Berlin Airlift) all served to limit Soviet expansionism. They also ensured that there would be prosperous market economies right next to the Soviet Union and its puppet states, which would cause them massive headaches down the road.
Of course, dissent within the Soviet empire played a big part in its eventual collapse. Vaclav Havel, Lech Walesa, and uncounted others made it very hard for the Soviets to rule over Eastern Europe unimpeded. These braves souls, who risked far more than any American, reminded all of the oppressed people that they had strength in numbers and could continue to struggle for a better life. Without them, the Soviet empire would be standing today.
Let's not forget Gorby. I'm sure that the Soviet Union would have evetually collapsed no matter what its leaders did, but it could easily have doddered on for decades more while slowly squeezing the life out of its victims (see Korea, North; also Mets, NY). Its evetual collapse could have been very, very bloody and may even have provoked a nuclear war (if not with the US, then with China, or even internally). Gorbachev had the sense to see that things had to change, which he tried to do gradually. When the train got out of his control, he let it go on without him instead of instituting the kind of repression that would've been needed to stop it.
Finally, I'd like
a big shout out to human nature. As workers and managers in command economies figured out that hard work doesn't bring any real benefits and less work could usually be gotten away with, they slowed down or stopped work entirely. As Eastern Europeans fled to a better life in the West, they forced the Soviets to put massive resources into keeping them in. As East German viewers saw the lavish lifestyle depicted on West German television, they became harder to keep happy in the East. It's natural to want comfort, freedom ,and material plenty. Since the West could provide them and the East couldn't, it became very hard for the East to keep its people in line.
As you can see, there are a whole lot of people who should get credit for the collapse of the Soviet Union, but no one person who should be thought of as having
brought it down. I know many out there love their
single causation theories and others just want an excuse to deify the guy who brought us the Laffer Curve and quadrupled the National Debt. But Reagan doesn't get this one, he
didn't bring down the Soviet Union. Shit, he wasn't even in office when the Berlin Wall came down. He was busy making speeches for seven figures. You know what......I was still in uniform.
Why not give me the credit? At least I was still in the fight, and it's not any sillier than giving sole credit to Saint Ron. Yeah, that's the ticket. Fuck those other guys,
I brought down the Soviet Union. Sure I did.